MIA: Encyclopedia of Marxism: Glossary of People


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Neebe, Oscar (1850-1915)

One of the Haymarket defendants. He was born in New York City and joined in labor politics after moving to Chicago in 1875. A tinsmith by trade, he was a member of the anarchist International Working People's Association (IWPA). With little evidence other than association, Neebe was sentenced to jail for 15 years, and served six before being pardoned. He was not present at the Haymarket meeting.

Further Reading:
Neebe's speech in court
Subject: May Day.

 

Nekrassov, Nikolai Vissarionovich (1879- )

Cadet. Professor Tomsk Technological Institute. Member 3rd and 4th Dumas. Minister of Communications, March-July 1917. Minister of Finance, August-September 1917. Remained in Russia after the Revolution and worked for the Soviet Government.

 

Isaac Newton

Newton, Isaac (1642-1727)

English physicist and mathematician; founder of classical mechanics, theory of universal gravitation and calculus; provided the foundation of the scientific explanation of a vast number of phenomena of nature in mechanical terms and provided the basis for an integral picture of the world; while Newton's theory provided the seeming basis for the eventual explanation of all the phenomena of Nature in terms of the effect of objects one upon another, a "prime impulse", attributable to God was required to "set the mechanism in motion".

Newton's contribution to the development of science and philosophy and all aspects of social development is almost immeasurable. While those who had gone before him in the sciences of mathematics, optics, astronomy, mechanics, etc., had collected numerous observations and developed some crucial concepts, in the space of a single life-time (without getting into the dispute about share of credit due to Newton or Leibniz) Newton took some scattered observations and insights and built a theoretical system which brought within the scope of a single, rational, mathematical theory virtually all phenomena of the Universe. Most notably he brought within the scope of a single concept the force which caused the Heavenly Bodies to "fall" across the sky and the common-or-garden objects which we perceive and handle in our daily lives here on Earth.

The discovery of the branch of mathematics known as Calculus, which Newton helped build as did Leibniz, provided a tool of enormous power for the formulation of a mathematical view of Nature. The peculiarity of calculus is that it's supposed derivation from lower mathematics is not (at least until very recent times) reducable to the constraints of formal logic. So while providing future generations with a wonderfully simple and comprehensive mechanical view of Nature, he also introduced a fundamental and irreducible contradiction into mathematics.

The enormous power of this view of the world has to be taken account of. Those who came after him must have felt there was little left to be done but tidy up the edges. The blow dealt to religion and the impetus given to the development of science and industry is gigantic, despite the fact that Newton remained a devout Christian to his dying day.

Nevertheless, in the political struggles of his day, Newton was the Devil incarnate or the source of all light, respective of one's political position. His view of scientific method, space and time, knowledge, God and truth was a dominant force throughout the nineteenth century.

Further Reading: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.