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The Society of
Situationism
“Even if a constituted situationist
theory had never existed as a possible source of inspiration, the system of commodity
consumption implicitly contains its own situationism.”
—Daniel Denevert, Theory of Misery, Misery of Theory
1
The second proletarian assault on class society has entered its second phase.
2
The first phase — beginning diffusedly in the 1950s and culminating in the open
struggles of the late sixties — found its most advanced theoretical expression in the
Situationist International. Situationism is the direct or implicit ideologization
of situationist theory, within the revolutionary movement and in the society as a whole.
3
The SI articulated the whole of the global movement at the same time that it
participated as part of it in the sector where it found itself, taking up “the
violence of the delinquents on the plane of ideas” and giving immediate practical
follow-through to its theoretical positions. It thus presented a model to the
revolutionary movement not only in the form of its conclusions but also in exemplifying
the ongoing negating method; which method was the reason that its conclusions
were almost always right.
4
In generating among many of its partisans the same exigencies that it practiced itself,
and in forcing even the most unautonomous to become at least autonomous from it, the SI
showed that it knew how to educate revolutionarily. In the space of a few years
we have seen a democratization of theoretical activity that was not attained
— if it was even sought — in the old movement in a century. Marx and Engels were
not able to incite rivals; none of the strands of Marxism maintained Marx’s unitary
perspective. Lenin’s observation in 1914 that “none of the Marxists for the past
half century have understood Marx” is really a critique of Marx’s theory, not
because it was too difficult but because it did not recognize and calculate its own
relation with the totality.
5
The very nature of the situationists’ mistakes — exposed and criticized by
them with pitiless thoroughness — is a confirmation of their methods. Their
failures as well as their successes serve to focus, elucidate and polarize. No other
radical current in history has known such a degree of intentional public theoretical
debate. In the old proletarian movement consequential theoretical polarization was always
the exception, the explosion that came out contrary to the intentions of the theorists
themselves and only as a last resort when the very continuation of a factitious unity was
visibly no longer possible. Marx and Engels failed to dissociate themselves publicly from
the Gotha Program because “the asinine bourgeois papers took this program quite
seriously, read into it what it does not contain and interpreted it communistically; and
the workers seem to be doing the same” (Engels to Bebel, 12 October 1875). Thus, in
defending by silence a program against its enemies, they defended it equally against its
friends. When in the same letter Engels said that “if the bourgeois press possessed a
single person of critical mind, he would have taken this program apart phrase by phrase,
investigated the real content of each phrase, demonstrated its nonsense with the utmost
clarity, revealed its contradictions and economic howlers . . . and made our
whole Party look frightfully ridiculous,” he described as a deficiency of the
bourgeois press what rather was precisely a deficiency of the revolutionary movement of
his time.
6
The concentrated expression of present historical subversion has itself become decentralized.
The monolithic myth of the SI has exploded forever. During the first phase this myth had a
certain objective basis: on the level on which it was operating, the SI had no serious
rivals. Now we see a public and international confrontation of autonomous situationist
theories and ideologies which no tendency comes close to monopolizing. Any situationist
orthodoxy has lost its central referent. From this point on, every situationist or
would-be situationist must follow his own path.
7
The first critiques of situationism remained fundamentally ahistorical. They measured
the theoretical poverties of the pro-situ up against the theory of the first phase. They
saw the subjective poverties and internal inconsistencies of this milieu, hut not its
position as related to the sum of theoretical and practical vectors at a certain moment;
they failed to grasp this “first nondialectical application” as the qualitative
weakness of the ensemble, as a necessary “moment of the true.” Even Theses
on the SI and Its Time — in so many respects the summation of the first phase at
its point of transition into the second — scarcely broaches the properly historical
aspect of situationism.
8
At each stage of the struggle the partial realization of the critique generates its own
new equilibrium point with the ruling society. As the theory escapes its formulators, it
tends through its autonomous ideological momentum to be run through all possible
permutations and combinations, though principally those reflecting the new developments
and illusions of the moment. Caught in the transition of the first phase to the second,
the pro-situationists in the post-1968 “ebbing of May” period were the
embodiments of the inertia of a confirmed theory. This ideological lag — in
which the partisans of situationist theory failed to confront the new developments in
their own practice, that of the proletariat and that of the society as a whole —
measured the weakness of the situationist movement; while the unprecedented quickness with
which it engendered its own internal negation — effectively sabotaging itself
in order to affirm the explosion that had already escaped it and clear the grounds for the
new phase — marks its fundamental vindication.
9
The pro-situationists saw the issues of the second phase in terms of those of the
first. In treating the new, widespread and relatively conscious worker struggles as if
they were isolated nihilist acts of an earlier period, which therefore lacked first of all
the proverbial “consciousness of what they had already done,” the pro-situs only
showed that they lacked the consciousness of what others were already doing and of all
that was still lacking. In every single struggle they saw the same simple, total
conclusion and identified the progress of the revolution with the appropriation of this
conclusion by the proletariat. In thus abstractly concentrating the intelligence
of human practice above the complex process of the development of class struggle, the
activist pro-situs were the would-be bolsheviks of a fantasized coup of class
consciousness, hoping by this shortcut to bring about the councilist program whose
implications they overstepped out of incomprehension or impatience.
10
The SI did not apply its theory to the very activity of the formulation of that
theory, although the very nature of that theory implied its eventual democratization
and thus put this question on the order of the day. In the aftermath of May neither the SI
nor the new generation of insurgents it had inspired had really examined the process
of theoretical production, either in its methods or its subjective ramifications, beyond a
few vague, empirical rules of thumb. The backlash of the partial realization of
situationist theory flung them unprepared from megalomaniac delirium, to incoherence, to
chain-reactions of contentless breaks, to impotence and finally to the massive
psychological repression of the whole experience, without their ever having asked
themselves what was happening to them.
11
Even if the SI attracted many poorly prepared partisans, the very fact that such a mass
of people with no particular experience in or aptitude or taste for revolutionary
politics thought to find in situationist activity a terrain where they could engage
themselves autonomously and consequentially confirms the radicality of both the theory and
the epoch. If the situationist milieu has manifested so many pretensions and illusions,
this was merely the natural side-effect of the first victory of a critique that burst so
many pretensions of and illusions about the ruling society.
12
To the extent that the ideologies of the first phase suppressed anything to do with the
situationists — including therefore the concepts most explicitly associated with them
— the eventual discovery of the situationist critique had the contrary exaggerated
effect of giving the situationists an apparent monopoly of radical comprehension
of modern society and its opposition. Hence the adherence to the situationist critique had
the abrupt, fanatical character of a sudden religious conversion (often with a
corresponding ulterior rejection of it in toto). In contrast, the young
revolutionary who now adheres to situationist positions tends to be less subject to this
fanatical excess precisely because diverse nuances of situationist struggle and of its
recuperation are a familiar aspect of his world.
13
In the second phase, revolution has moved from being an apparently marginal phenomenon
to a visibly central one. The underdeveloped countries have lost their apparent monopoly
of contestation; but the revolutions there haven’t stopped, they have simply become modern
and are resembling more and more the struggles in the advanced countries. The society that
proclaimed its well-being is now officially in crisis. The formerly isolated
gestures of revolt against apparently only isolated misery now know themselves to be general
and proliferate and overwhelm all accounting. 1968 was the moment where the revolutionary
movements began to see themselves in international company, and it was this
global visibility that definitively shattered the ideologies that saw revolution
everywhere but in the proletariat. 1968 was also the last time major revolts could seem to
be student revolts.
14
The proletariat has begun to act by itself but as yet scarcely for itself.
Revolts continue to be, as they have been over the last century, largely defensive
reactions: the taking over of factories abandoned by their owners or of struggles
abandoned by their leaders (particularly in the aftermath of wars). If sectors of the
proletariat have begun to speak for themselves, they have yet to elaborate an openly
internationalist revolutionary program and effectively express their goals and tendencies
internationally. If they serve as examples for proletarians of other countries, it is
still through the de facto mediation of radical groups and spectacular reportage.
15
The ideology of the first phase that stressed the concrete realization of radical
change without grasping the negative or the totality has found its realization in the
proliferation of so-called alternative institutions. The alternative institution
differs from classic reformism in being chiefly an immediate, self-managed reformism,
one that does not wait for the State. It recuperates the initiative and energy of
the mildly dissatisfied and is a sensitive indicator of defects in the system and of their
possible resolutions. Alternative production — whose development on the margins of
the economy recapitulates the historical development of commodity production —
functions as a free-enterprise corrective to the bureaucratized economy. But the
democratization and “autogestionization” of social structures, though productive
of illusions, is also a favorable factor for the development of the revolutionary
critique. It leaves behind the superficial focuses of struggle while providing a safer and
easier terrain from and on which to contest the essentials. The contradictions in
participatory production and alternative distribution facilitate the détournement of
their goods and facilities, going up to the point of quasi-legal “Strasbourgs of the
factories.”
16
The hip notion trip expresses the fact that as commodities become more
abundant, adaptable and disposable, the individual commodity is devalued in favor of the
ensemble. The trip offers not a single commodity or idea but an organizing principle for
selecting from among all commodities and ideas. In contrast with the block of time where
“everything’s included,” which is still sold as a distinct commodity, the
commodity character of the indefinitely extended trip (art, craft, pursuit, fad,
lifestyle, subcult, social project, religion) — carrying with it a more flexible
complex of commodities and stars — is obscured behind the quasi-autonomous activity
whereby the subject seems to dominate. The trip is the moment where the spectacle has
become so overdeveloped that it becomes participatory. It recovers the subjective
activity lacking in the spectacle, but runs into the limits of the world the spectacle has
made — limits absent in the spectacle precisely because it is separate from daily
life.
17
The diminution of the exclusive sway of work and the fragmentation of the consequently
expanded leisure give rise to the widespread dilettantism of modern society. The
spectacle presents the super-agent who can tell to a degree the correct temperature at
which saké should be served and initiates the masses into exotic techniques of living and
to connoisseur enjoyments previously reserved for the upper classes. But the heralded
“new Renaissance Man” is no closer to mastering his own life. When the spectacle
becomes overdeveloped and wants to cast off the poverty and unilateralness at its origin,
it reveals itself as simply a poor relative of the revolutionary project. It may
multiply amusements and make them more participatory, but their commodity basis
ineluctably forces them back into the matrix of consumption. Isolated individuals may, in
a caricature of Fourier, come together around ever more precise nuances of common
spectacular tastes, but these nexuses are all the more separated from each other and from
the social totality and the sought-for passionate activity founders on its triviality. The
new cosmopolitan remains historically provincial.
18
The spectacle responds to the increasing dissatisfaction with its tendency toward
lowest-common-denominator uniformity by diversifying itself. Struggles are
channeled into struggles over the spectacle, leading to the semi-autonomous development of
separate spectacles tailor-made for specific social groupings. But the singular power of a
spectacle comes from its having been placed for a moment at the center of social life.
Thus the increase of spectacular choice at the same time reduces the spectacular power
that depends on the very magnitude and undivided enthrallment of the pseudo-community the
spectacle draws together. The spectacle must contradictorily be all things to all men
individually while continually reasserting itself as their single, exclusive unifying
principle.
19
The spectacle revives the dead, imports the foreign and reinterprets the
existing. The time span required for things to acquire the proper quaint banality to
become “camp” continually decreases; the original is marketed simultaneously
with its spoof, from which it is often scarcely distinguishable; aesthetic discussions
increasingly center around the simple question as to whether something is a parody or not.
This expresses the increasing contempt felt for the cultural spectacle on the part of its
producers and consumers. Society produces a more and more rapid turnover of styles and
ideologies, going up to the point of a delirium that escapes no one. As all the
permutations and combinations are run through, the individual poverties and contradictions
make themselves known and the common form that lies behind the diverse contents
begins to be discerned; “to change illusions at an accelerating pace gradually
dissolves the illusion of change.” With the global unification exerted by the
spectacle, it becomes increasingly difficult to idealize a system because it is in a
different part of the world, and the global circulation of commodities and therefore of
people brings ever closer the historic encounter of the Eastern and Western
proletariats. The recycling of culture sucks dry and breaks up all the old
traditions, leaving only the spectacular “tradition of the new.” But the new
ceases to be novel and the impatience for novelty generated by the spectacle may transform
itself into an impatience to realize and destroy the spectacle, the only idea that
continually remains really “new and different.”
20
Inasmuch as situationist theory is a critique of all aspects of alienated life, the
diverse nuances of situationism reflect in concentrated form the general illusions of the
society, and the ideological defenses generated by the situationists prefigure the
ideological defenses of the system.
21
Situationist theory has come full circle when its critique of daily life is drawn on to
provide the sophisticated vocabulary of a justification of the status quo.
Individuals expressing dissatisfaction with self-satisfied pseudo-enjoyments in the
situationist milieu, for example, have been characterized as lacking a “capacity for
enjoyment,” a “sense of play” or even “radical subjectivity,” and
accused of “voluntarism” or “militantism” for having concretely
proposed radical projects or more experimental activities.
22
Vaneigemism is an extreme form of the modern anti-puritanism that has
to pretend to enjoy what is supposed to be enjoyable. Like the city dweller who affirms
his preference for “living in the country” although for some reason he never
goes there or if he does soon gets bored and returns to the city, the Vaneigemist has to
feign pleasure because his activity is by definition “passionate,” even when
that activity is in fact tedious or nonexistent. In letting everyone know that he
“refuses sacrifice” and “demands everything,” he differs from the man
in the ads who “insists on the best” only in the degree of his pretension and in
the often scarcely more than token ideological avowal of the obstacles that remain in the
way of his total realization. Dissatisfaction and boredom are forgotten in their boring,
ritual denunciation, and at a time when even the most retrograde ideologies are becoming
frankly pessimistic and self-critical in their decomposition, the Vaneigemist presents an
effective image of present satisfaction.
23
Vaneigemist ideological egoism holds up as the radical essence of humanity
that most alienated condition of humanity for which the bourgeoisie was
reproached, which “left remaining no other nexus between man and man than naked
self-interest”; differing only accidentally from the bourgeois version in envisaging
a different means of realization for this collection of isolated egos. This position is
contradicted by the actual historical experience of revolutions and often even by the very
actions of those who invoke it.
24
The situationists’ criticality and often appropriate calculated
“arrogance” and use of insults — once taken out of the context of active
struggle to change things — find a natural place in a world where everyone
is presented with a spectacle of inferiority and encouraged to think that he is
“different”; where every tourist seeks to avoid “the tourists” and
every consumer prides himself on not believing the ads (an illusion of superiority that is
often intentionally programmed into ads in order to facilitate the simultaneous
penetration of the essential subliminal message). The pseudo-critical individual affirms
his static superiority through his contemptuous and consequenceless critiques of
others who have cruder or at least different illusions. Situationist humor —
product of the contradictions between the latent possibilities of the epoch and its absurd
reality — once it ceases to be practical, approaches simply the median popular humor
of a society where the good spectator has been largely supplanted by the cynical
spectator.
25
As reinvestors of the cultural riches of the past, the situationists, once the
use of those riches is lost, rejoin spectacular society as simple promoters of culture.
The process of the modern revolution — communication containing its own critique,
continuous domination of the present over the past — meshes with that of a
society depending on the continuous turnover of commodities, where each new lie criticizes
the previous ones. That a work has something to do with the critique of the spectacle
— in manifesting an element of “authentic radicality” or in representing
some theoretically articulated moment of the decomposition of the spectacle — is
hardly disadvantageous for it from the standpoint of the spectacle. While the
situationists are right in pointing out the detournable elements in their forebears, in so
doing they simultaneously win for those forebears a place in the spectacle, which, because
it is so sorely lacking in the qualitative, welcomes the affirmation that there is some to
be found among the cultural goods it markets. The detourned fragment is rediscovered as
a fragment; when the use goes, the consumption remains; the detourners are detourned.
26
Such a vital concept as situationist necessarily knows simultaneously the
truest and the most false uses, with a multitude of intermediate confusions.
27
As with other pivotal theoretical concepts, one cannot suppress the interested
confusionism engendered by the concept situationist by suppressing its label. The
ambiguities of the term “situationist” reflect the ambiguities of the
situationist critique itself, at once separate from and part of the society it combats, at
once separate party and its negation. The existence of a distinct “situationist
milieu” — at once social concentration of advanced revolutionary consciousness
and social embodiment of concentrated situationism — expresses the contradictions of
the uneven development of conscious struggle in this period; since while to be explicitly
situationist is hardly a guarantee of intelligent practice, not to be so is virtually a
guarantee of aims of falsification or of an ignorance increasingly difficult to maintain
involuntarily. The “spectacle” will be considered as a specifically situationist
concept as long as it is considered as merely one more peripheral element of the society.
But in simultaneously repressing its central aspects and the theory that has most
radically articulated them and then thinking to kill two birds with one stone by lumping
these uncategorizable entities together, the society confirms their real unity; as when
for example a bibliography contains a section: “Daily Life, Consumer Society, and
Situationist Themes.”
28
For the SI, the situationist label served to draw a line between the prevalent
incoherence and a new exigency. The importance of the term withers away to the extent that
the new exigences are widely known and practiced, to the extent that the proletarian
movement becomes itself situationist. Such a label also facilitates a spectacular
categorization of what it represents. But this very categorization at the same time
exposes the society to the very coherence of the diverse situationist positions
that makes possible a single label, the power of this exposure depending on the net total
of significances carried by the term at a given moment. It is the trenchancy of
the term which is at issue in the diverse struggles over whether someone or something is
situationist, and it is a notable measure of this trenchancy that the term
“pro-situationist” has been rendered universally recognized as pejorative.
Although association with the label serves as no defense for acts, the actions of
situationists do in a sense defend the word, in contributing toward rendering it as
concentrated and dangerous a bomb as possible for the society to play with. The society
that with little difficulty presents sectors of itself as “communist,”
“Marxist” or “libertarian” finds it as yet impossible or inadvisable
to present any aspect of itself as “situationist,” although it certainly would
have done so by now if for example a “Nashist” (opportunistic neo-artistic)
sense of the term had prevailed.
29
At its beginnings, as long as no one else is very close, the situationist critique
seems so intrinsically anti-ideological that its proponents can scarcely imagine any
situationism other than as a mere gross lie or misunderstanding. “There is no such
thing as situationism,” such a term is “meaningless,” declares Internationale
Situationniste #1 [Definitions]. A simple
differentiation suffices to defend the term from misuse: the 5th Conference of the SI
decides that all artistic works produced by its members must be explicitly labeled
“antisituationist.” But the critique that opposes itself by definition to its
ideologization cannot definitively or absolutely separate itself from it. The SI discovers
a tendency “far more dangerous than the old artistic conception we have fought so
much. It is more modern and therefore less apparent. . . . Our project has taken
shape at the same time as the modern tendencies toward integration. There is thus not only
a direct opposition but also an air of resemblance since the two sides are really
contemporaneous. . . . We are necessarily on the same path as our enemies —
more often preceding them” (Internationale Situationniste #9) [Now, the SI].
30
It is notorious that the modern intelligentsia has often utilized elements of
situationist theory, formerly without acknowledgment, more recently — when such a
plagiarization has become more difficult and when at the same time spectacular association
with the situationists adds more to one’s prestige than knowledge of dependence on
them detracts from it — more often with acknowledgment. But even more significant are
the numerous theoretical and ideological manifestations that, in spite of no direct
influence or even knowledge of the situationists, are ineluctably drawn to the same issues
and the same formulations because these are nothing other than the intrinsic pivotal
points of modern society and its contradictions.
31
To the extent that the situationist critique extends and deepens itself, modern society
— merely to minimally understand its own functioning and opposition, or to present
the spectacle reflecting what is most generally desired — must recuperate more and
more elements of that critique, or in repressing it become the victim of its own
correspondingly increasing blind spots.
32
Everything the SI has said about art, the proletariat, urbanism, the spectacle, is
broadcast everywhere — minus the essential. While in the anarchy of the ideological
market individual ideologies incorporate elements of situationist theory separated from
their concrete totality, as an ensemble they effectively reunite the fragments as an
abstract totality. All of modernist ideology taken as a block is situationism.
33
Situationism is the stealing of the initiative from the revolutionary
movement, the critique of daily life undertaken by power itself. The spectacle presents
itself as the originator or at least the necessary forum of discussion of the ideas of its
destruction. Revolutionary theses don’t appear as the ideas of revolutionaries, that
is as linked to a precise experience and project, but rather as an unexpected outburst of
lucidity on the part of the rulers, stars and vendors of illusions. Revolution becomes a
moment of situationism.
34
The society of situationism does not know that it is; that would be giving it too much
credit. Only the proletariat can grasp its totality in the process of destroying it. It is
principally the revolutionary camp that generates the diverse illusions and ideological
nuances that can shore up the system and justify a restored status quo. The very successes
of revolts having arrived at an ambiguous point of equilibrium with the system serve in
part to advertise the greatness of a system that could generate and accommodate such
radical successes.
35
By its very nature situationism cannot be immediately or fully realized. It is not
supposed to be taken literally, but followed at just a few steps’ distance; if it
were not for this albeit tiny distance, the mystification would become apparent.
36
In producing its situationism, the society shatters the cohesion of other ideologies,
sweeps aside the archaic and accidental falsifications and draws the fragments capable of
reinvestment to itself. But in thus concentrating the social false consciousness,
the society prepares the way for the expropriation of this expropriated consciousness. The
sophistication of recuperation forcibly disabuses revolutionaries, its unity pushes the
conflict to a higher level, and elements of situationism diffused globally provoke their
own supersession in regions where they had not yet developed from an indigenous
theoretical base.
37
The SI was exemplary not only for what it said, but above all for all that it did
not say. Diffuseness dilutes critical power. Discussion of things that don’t
make any difference obscures the things that do. Entering onto the platform of ruling
pseudo-dialogue turns truth into a moment of the lie. Revolutionaries must know how to be silent.
From the journal Bureau of Public Secrets #1 (January 1976). Reproduced in Public
Secrets: Collected Skirmishes of Ken Knabb.
No copyright.
[French translation of this text]
[Spanish translation of this text]
[German translation of
this text]
[Italian translation of
this text]
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